| |
Dedication |
| |
Acknowledgements |
| |
1 |
History of IL |
| |
2 |
Reception of IL |
| |
3 |
Contents of Volumes
I to VI |
| |
4 |
Concluding remarks |
| |
|
0.1 |
Why "integrational
linguistics"? |
| |
|
0.2 |
Four theses on
theories of language and theories of grammars |
| |
|
|
0.2.1 |
Theses
1 and 2 |
| |
|
|
0.2.2 |
Theses
3 and 4 |
| |
|
0.3 |
Remarks on the
theory of language systems |
| |
|
|
0.3.1 |
Language
variability and the theory of language systems |
| |
|
|
0.3.2 |
Linguistic
basis of the theory of language systems |
| |
|
0.4 |
Remarks on the
theory of grammars |
| |
|
0.5 |
General remarks on
Volume I |
| |
|
|
0.5.1 |
Relation
to subsequent volumes |
| |
|
|
0.5.2 |
Treatment
of linguistic literature |
| |
|
|
0.5.3 |
Degree
of formality |
| |
|
|
0.5.4 |
Status
of linguistic examples |
| |
PART
A
|
| |
LANGUAGES
AND IDIOLECTS
|
| |
1 |
Languages and their systems |
| |
|
1.1 |
On the subject
matter of a theory of language |
| |
|
1.2 |
Remarks on the
present theory |
| |
|
1.3 |
On the concept of
language |
| |
|
1.4 |
Languages in time |
| |
|
1.5 |
Systems in time |
| |
|
1.6 |
The problem of
abstraction |
| |
2 |
Idiolects and their systems |
| |
|
2.1 |
Communication by
means of idiolects |
| |
|
2.2 |
The internal basis
for idiolects |
| |
|
2.3 |
Idiolects and
social aspects |
| |
|
2.4 |
Idiolect systems |
| |
|
2.5 |
Idiolect systems
and a theory of language systems |
| |
3 |
Basic
approach (1): A surface syntax for semantics |
| |
|
3.1 |
The concept of a
surface syntax as a basis for semantics |
| |
|
3.2 |
Lexical meanings
and syntactic autonomy |
| |
|
3.3 |
Remarks on recent
research |
| |
4 |
Basic
approach (2): Syntactic structures and syntactic
functions |
| |
|
4.1 |
The formal status
of syntactic functions |
| |
|
4.2 |
The problem of
basic functions |
| |
|
4.3 |
Syntactic functions
as a basis for meaning composition |
| |
|
4.4 |
Syntactic
structures |
| |
|
4.5 |
Comments on
syntactic structures and syntactic functions |
| |
|
4.6 |
Remarks on
grammatical relations in recent research |
| |
5 |
Syntactic
structures (1): The constituent structure
component |
| |
|
5.1 |
Syntactic base
forms and syntactic units |
| |
|
5.2 |
Comments |
| |
|
5.3 |
Constituent
categories and constituent structures |
| |
|
5.4 |
Comments on
constituent categories |
| |
|
5.5 |
Comments on
constituent structures |
| |
6 |
Syntactic
structures (2): Paradigms and syntactic marking
categories |
| |
|
6.1 |
Type 1 marking
categories |
| |
|
6.2 |
Comments |
| |
|
6.3 |
Paradigms and words.
Type 2 marking categories |
| |
|
6.4 |
Comments |
| |
7 |
Syntactic
structures (3): The marking structure component |
| |
|
7.1 |
Examples of
markings |
| |
|
7.2 |
Markings and
marking structures |
| |
|
7.3 |
Comments |
| |
|
7.4 |
Marking structures
and constituent structures |
| |
8 |
Syntactic
structures (4): Intonation structures. The
structure assignment |
| |
|
8.1 |
Syntactic
intonation structures |
| |
|
8.2 |
Comments |
| |
|
8.3 |
Intonation
structures and constituent and marking structures |
| |
|
8.4 |
The syntactic
structure assignment. Grammaticality and
meaningfulness |
| |
9 |
Constituent
functions, category functions, accents |
| |
|
9.1 |
Constituent
functions: examples |
| |
|
9.2 |
Comments |
| |
|
9.3 |
Complement and
modifier. Functional ambiguity |
| |
|
9.4 |
Non-constituent and
non-immediate parts of constituent relations |
| |
|
9.5 |
Dependent and
independent parts |
| |
|
9.6 |
Category functions |
| |
|
9.7 |
The syntactic
function sets. Accents as syntactic functions |
| |
PART
C
|
| |
OUTLINE
OF MORPHOLOGY
|
| |
10 |
Basic
approach. Pure morphological constituent
structures |
| |
|
10.1 |
Basic approach |
| |
|
10.2 |
Morphs |
| |
|
10.3 |
Units and
constituent structures |
| |
|
10.4 |
Comments on
constituent categories |
| |
|
10.5 |
Stems and the
distinction of basic vs. derived constituent
categories |
| |
11 |
Pure
morphological marking structures and
morphological intonation structures |
| |
|
11.1 |
Type 1 marking
categories |
| |
|
11.2 |
Morphological
paradigms and lexemes |
| |
|
11.3 |
Examples of stem
and affix lexemes |
| |
|
11.4 |
Markings of
primitive constituents: Examples |
| |
|
11.5 |
Markings and pure
morphological marking structures |
| |
|
11.6 |
Intonation
structures |
| |
12 |
Morphological
structures and morphological functions |
| |
|
12.1 |
Morphological
structures: pure, mixed, and general |
| |
|
12.2 |
Morphological
functions |
| |
|
12.3 |
Meaning dependence
of functions: Example |
| |
|
12.4 |
Discussion |
| |
|
12.5 |
Morphological
accent |
| |
|
12.6 |
The morphological
function set |
| |
|
12.7 |
Links between the
morphological and syntactic parts |
| |
PART
D
|
| |
OUTLINE
OF MORPHOSEMANTICS
|
| |
|
13.1 |
Introduction |
| |
|
13.2 |
Perceptions,
conceptions, concepts |
| |
|
13.3 |
Lexical meanings as
concepts |
| |
|
13.4 |
Comments |
| |
14 |
The
basis for morphosemantic meaning composition |
| |
|
14.1 |
Lexical meanings in
morphology |
| |
|
14.2 |
Paradigm
interpretation and morphosemantic interpretations |
| |
|
14.3 |
Examples of
morphosemantic functions: The bar1
functions in German |
| |
|
14.4 |
bar2
to bar5
functions |
| |
|
14.5 |
Morphological and
morphosemantic functions |
| |
15 |
Morphosemantic
meaning composition |
| |
|
15.1 |
Application
conditions |
| |
|
15.2 |
Multiplicity of
semantic functions |
| |
|
15.3 |
Multiplicity and
the concept of function interpretation |
| |
|
15.4 |
The morphological
function interpretation: Definitions |
| |
|
15.5 |
Comments |
| |
|
15.6 |
Determination of
morphological constituent meanings |
| |
PART
E
|
| |
OUTLINE
OF SYNTACTIC SEMANTICS (1): SYNTACTIC MEANINGS
|
| |
16 |
Lexical
meanings in syntax |
| |
|
16.1 |
Morphosemantic
sources of lexical meanings in syntax |
| |
|
16.2 |
The syntactic
paradigm interpretation. Lexical meanings of
syntactic units and paradigms |
| |
|
16.3 |
Lexical
interpretations |
| |
|
16.4 |
Motivation for
morpholexical interpretations |
| |
|
16.5 |
Morpholexical
interpretations |
| |
|
17.1 |
Components of
sentence meanings: Examples |
| |
|
17.2 |
Attitude/content
pairs |
| |
|
17.3 |
The concept of
sentence meaning |
| |
|
17.4 |
Pure and mixed
sentence meanings. Sentence meanings and normal
utterances |
| |
|
17.5 |
Components of
simple sentence meanings |
| |
18 |
Referential
meanings and reference bases |
| |
|
18.1 |
Referential
meanings: Example |
| |
|
18.2 |
The concept of
referential meaning |
| |
|
18.3 |
Comments on
referential meanings |
| |
|
18.4 |
The concept of
reference basis |
| |
|
18.5 |
Reference bases as
momentary universes of discourse |
| |
19 |
Basic,
intermediate, and complete syntactic meanings |
| |
|
19.1 |
The conception of
basic syntactic meanings |
| |
|
19.2 |
Definition of
"basic syntactic meaning" |
| |
|
19.3 |
Comments |
| |
|
19.4 |
The concept of
intermediate syntactic meaning |
| |
|
19.5 |
Comments |
| |
|
19.6 |
Syntactic meanings:
complete and incomplete, pure and mixed |
| |
PART
F
|
| |
OUTLINE
OF SYNTACTIC SEMANTICS (2): MEANING COMPOSITION
|
| |
20 |
Intermediate
syntactic meanings |
| |
|
20.1 |
Example of an
intermediate meaning |
| |
|
20.2 |
Constructing the
meaning: Concept formation |
| |
|
20.3 |
Constructing the
meaning: Contextual setting |
| |
|
20.4 |
Type 1 semantic
functions |
| |
|
20.5 |
Constructing an
intermediate meaning by type 2 functions |
| |
|
20.6 |
Type 2 semantic
functions |
| |
|
20.7 |
Accounting for
empty basic meanings |
| |
|
21.1 |
Parts of a rhema:
Example |
| |
|
21.2 |
On constructing a
predication base |
| |
|
21.3 |
Auxiliary functions |
| |
|
21.4 |
Perfect-tense
predication base |
| |
|
21.5 |
Verb form category
and category interpretations |
| |
22 |
Predication
bases and semantic roles |
| |
|
22.1 |
Two theses on roles
and role relations |
| |
|
22.2 |
Roles, role
relations, and meaning composition |
| |
|
22.3 |
Verb form
complements and role relations |
| |
|
22.4 |
The proper
treatment of roles and role relations |
| |
|
23.1 |
The structure of
predication: Example |
| |
|
23.2 |
Elementary logical
functions |
| |
|
23.3 |
Open and weak
existential predication |
| |
|
23.4 |
Weak and strong
existential predication |
| |
24 |
Predication,
negation, and accents |
| |
|
24.1 |
Examples of neg
occurrences |
| |
|
24.2 |
Predication and
semantic negation |
| |
|
24.3 |
Comments |
| |
|
24.4 |
Ambiguous neg and
accent occurrences |
| |
|
24.5 |
Semantic
interaction of neg occurrences and accent
occurrences |
| |
25 |
Potential
rhemata and potential rhematic background |
| |
|
25.1 |
Rhematic relations
and potential rhemata |
| |
|
25.2 |
Construction of a
non-predicational rhematic relation |
| |
|
25.3 |
Comments |
| |
|
25.4 |
Construction of
potential rhemata |
| |
|
25.5 |
Directive relations
and rhematic pairs |
| |
|
25.6 |
Potential
background elements, background sets, and
backgrounds |
| |
|
25.7 |
Constructing
background elements |
| |
26 |
Referential
meanings and potential thematic parts |
| |
|
26.1 |
Preliminaries |
| |
|
26.2 |
Constructing
existential-doxastic readings |
| |
|
26.3 |
Two alternative
bases for referential readings |
| |
|
26.4 |
Referential
meanings as permissible referential readings |
| |
|
26.5 |
Referential
meanings and potential rhemata |
| |
|
26.6 |
Referential
meanings and conditions of use |
| |
|
26.7 |
Potential thematic
parts |
| |
27 |
The
construction of sentence meanings |
| |
|
27.1 |
Potential component
sequences and simple sentence meanings |
| |
|
27.2 |
Determination of
simple sentence meanings |
| |
|
27.3 |
Example. The notion
of component sequence |
| |
|
27.4 |
The syntactic
function interpretation: Intermediate and
referential meanings |
| |
|
27.5 |
The syntactic
function interpretation: Rhematic and directive
relations, background elements and sets |
| |
|
27.6 |
Accounting for
arbitrary sentence meanings |
| |
|
27.7 |
The problems of
truth, textual meanings, metaphor, and semantics
vs. pragmatics |
| |
PART
G
|
| |
INTEGRATIONAL
GRAMMARS
|
| |
28 |
Theory
integration (1): Theories of language; grammars
of languages and varieties |
| |
|
28.1 |
The problem of
theory integration in linguistics |
| |
|
28.2 |
Theories of
language and grammars of languages:
Presupposition |
| |
|
28.3 |
Theories of
language, grammars of languages, grammars of
language varieties: Formulation-in-terms-of |
| |
|
28.4 |
Linguistic theories
of the same type: Conflation |
| |
29 |
Theory
integration (2): Idiolect grammars; non-linguistic
theories |
| |
|
29.1 |
Idiolect grammars |
| |
|
29.2 |
Non-linguistic
theories |
| |
|
29.3 |
The place of a
theory of communication. Summary of results
on theory integration |
| |
30 |
Integrational
grammars as axiomatic theories |
| |
|
30.1 |
Theories of
language, grammars of languages and varieties |
| |
|
30.2 |
Idiolect grammars
as applied theories |
| |
|
30.3 |
The key sentences
of a grammar |
| |
|
30.4 |
Three general
problems solved by integrational grammars |
| |
|
30.5 |
The problem of
interpretation |
| |
|
List of references |
| |
|
Bibliography of
Integrational Linguistics |
| |
|
Index of names |
| |
|
Index of
extratheoretical terms and subjects |
| |
|
Index of
theoretical terms and subjects |
| |
|
Notational
conventions |
| |
|
List of symbols |
| |
|
List of variables |
| |
|
List of constants |
|
