| On this book |
|
|
PART I
|
|
ORIENTATION
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|
| 1 Linguistic variables |
| 1.1 An
elementary question |
| 1.2 A
concept of linguistic variable |
| 1.3 Comments
and examples |
| 1.4 Classifying
linguistic variables |
| 1.5 Component
variables |
| 1.6 Holistic
variables |
|
| 2 Major approaches to linguistic variation |
| 2.1 Component
approach and holistic approach (variety approach) |
| 2.2 Grammar
approach and language approach |
| 2.3 Examples:
grammar approach |
| 2.4 Examples:
language approach |
| 2.5 Aim
and scope of the present essay |
|
| 3 An overview of syntactic variation
studies |
| 3.1 A
classification of current research |
| 3.2 Conclusions |
| 3.3 Old
biasses. Syntax in dialectology |
| 3.4 Size
of research. The role of theory |
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|
PART II
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|
SETTING THE STAGE
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| 4 The diachronic perspective |
| 4.1 Languages
as communication complexes |
| 4.2 Systems
for communication complexes |
| 4.3 Different
systems for a stage: example |
| 4.4 Chains
of systems |
| 4.5 States
of systems. Language development |
| 4.6 Lists
of variables |
|
| 5 Basic ideas |
| 5.1 The
variety relation |
| 5.2 Details |
| 5.3 Variety
structures as classification systems |
| 5.4 Classification
criteria: external and system-based |
| 5.5 Criteria
correlation |
|
| 6 In defense of variety structures:
the problem of idiolects |
| 6.1 Introduction |
| 6.2 Idiolects
as 'external' and 'speaker specific' |
| 6.3 Idiolects
as 'intermediate' |
| 6.4 Idiolects
as 'homogeneous' |
| 6.5 Remark:
concepts of homogeneity |
|
| 7 In defense of variety structures:
classification systems on historical languages |
| 7.1 Historical
languages: general objections |
| 7.2 Historical
languages: specific objections |
| 7.3 Classification
systems: specific objections |
| 7.4 Classification
systems: the problem of uniqueness |
|
| 8 The variety structure of a historical
language: overview |
| 8.1 The
historical period division and the basic dialect division |
| 8.2 Problems
of the basic dialect division |
| 8.3 Other
primary classifications |
| 8.4 Classifications
on historical periods |
| 8.5 Other
non-primary classifications |
| 8.6 Summary |
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PART III
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A THEORY OF LANGUAGE VARIETIES
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| 9 Variety structures as classification
systems |
| 9.1 Divisions,
classifications, partitions |
| 9.2 Introducing
criteria |
| 9.3 Division
systems, classification systems, partition systems |
| 9.4 Auxiliary
notions. Theorem |
| 9.5 The
notion of place |
| 9.6 Explication
of "variety structure" |
|
| 10 External criteria |
| 10.1 Example |
| 10.2 Criteria-determining
functions |
| 10.3 Permissible
types of non-language entities |
| 10.4 Points
of view and criteria |
|
| 11 System-based criteria |
| 11.1 The
criteria-determining function |
| 11.2 Permissible
types of systems |
| 11.3 Points
of view and criteria |
| 11.4 Example |
| 11.5 The
correlation theorem |
|
| 12 Languages, varieties, idiolects |
| 12.1 Varieties
and languages |
| 12.2 Properties
of the variety relation |
| 12.3 Idiolect
location in historical languages |
| 12.4 Idiolect
location in varieties |
|
| 13 Varieties and idiolect systems |
| 13.1 Location
of idiolect systems |
| 13.2 Position
of system components |
| 13.3 Variety-specific
components |
| 13.4 Variety-specific
properties |
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|
PART IV
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INTEGRATING THE COMPONENT APPROACH
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| 14 Variants and variables |
| 14.1 Introduction |
| 14.2 Orientation |
| 14.3 Variants
of relations |
| 14.4 Variants
of functions |
| 14.5 The
notion of a linguistic variable in a set of systems |
|
| 15 Reconstructions: Chomsky and Seiler |
| 15.1 On
reconstructing Chomsky |
| 15.2 'Principles
and parameters': definitions |
| 15.3 Discussion |
| 15.4 Parameter
sets |
| 15.5 'Representation':
reconstructing Seiler |
|
| 16 On the conception of evaluation
grammars |
| 16.1 Example |
| 16.2 The
notion of evaluation basis |
| 16.3 A
simple evaluation basis: rule status |
| 16.4 Types
of evaluation grammars |
|
| 17 Evaluation grammars, variable rules,
and linguistic variables |
| 17.1 Rule-weight1 |
| 17.2 Rule
interpretation |
| 17.3 Rule-weight2 |
| 17.4 The
values of rule-weight2 as linguistic variables |
| 17.5 On
reconstructing the variable rule approach |
| 17.6 Grammar-independent
variables: quantitative and qualitative |
|
| 18 Solving the integration problem |
| 18.1 Basic
ideas |
| 18.2 Property
determination by linguistic variables |
| 18.3 Specifying
sets of systems by linguistic variables |
| 18.4 Example |
| 18.5 Permissible
types of systems: integrating the component approach |
|
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PART V
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EXTENSIONS
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| 19 Going beyond varieties |
| 19.1 A
note on contrastive analysis and language acquisition |
| 19.2 Language
typology: basic ideas |
| 19.3
Auxiliary concepts |
| 19.4 Typological
structures and types |
| 19.5 Explanations |
| 19.6 Variety
structures and typological structures |
|
| 20 Grammars and their terminology |
| 20.1 Introduction |
| 20.2 Types
of 'grammars' |
| 20.3 Comments |
| 20.4 A
sample grammatical statement |
| 20.5 Grammatical
terms: non-linguistic constants |
| 20.6 Grammatical
terms: linguistic constants |
|
| 21 Grammatical statements |
| 21.1 Claim
on simple grammar |
| 21.2 Comments |
| 21.3 Complex
grammars: a sample statement |
| 21.4 Claim
on complex grammars |
| 21.5 Comparative
grammars |
| 21.6 Grammars,
typologies, and linguistic variables |
|
| Bibliography |
|
| Index of names |
|
| Index of subjects and terms |
|
| List of symbols and abbreviations |
